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  • Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS) | Comparison | Key Features | Loopholes

    Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS) | Comparison | Key Features | Loopholes

    Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS) – The cornerstone of Indian criminal law, the Indian Penal Code (IPC), is constantly being revised and amended to reflect changing legal requirements as well as societal values. This abstract offers a succinct summary of the legal features and gaps in the current legal framework of the comparative comparison between the old and new versions of the IPC.

    The historical synopsis highlights the British colonial rule that gave rise to the IPC and highlights the changes made later to address modern legal concerns. Important revisions, such those made in reaction to the gang rape in Delhi in 2012, demonstrate how the IPC has changed to address contemporary crimes and social issues.

    A comparison study shows that the new IPC has many improvements, such as a broader scope, provisions for human rights, and gender sensitivity.

    The gaps that have been identified include vague definitions, insufficient enforcement protocols, and permissive sentencing criteria. These flaws weaken the effectiveness of the IPC in resolving modern legal issues by causing inconsistent interpretations, gaps between the written and practical laws, and unequal punishments.

    In order to strengthen India’s criminal justice system and uphold the principles of justice and equality for all, policymakers, legal experts, and stakeholders from civil society must work together to address the legal loopholes in the new IPC, which is a positive step towards promoting justice, gender equality, and human rights.

    Introduction | Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS)

    The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the foundation of India’s legal framework and the repository of criminal law and procedure. The IPC was promulgated in 1860 to model criminal justice in different parts of British India under British colonial rule. Founded by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay, the IPC addressed the major crimes of the period and promoted the social and cultural values of the period. However, as India transformed into a powerful country, the need for reform and reformation of the IPC emerged. (Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS))

    Over decades, successive governments have worked hard to develop and adapt the IPC to respond to emerging challenges, technological advances and changing cultural practices. This ongoing process has led to the emergence of the new IPC, which has expanded its jurisdiction to modern crimes such as cybercrimes, environmental crimes and free crimes.

    Despite these reforms, the TMK is still plagued with flaws and deficiencies that affect its effectiveness in delivering justice and protecting the rule of law. This article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the old and new versions of the IPC, highlighting the ongoing changes and their impact on the Indian justice system.

    Historical Context | Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS)

    The origins of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) date back to British rule in India. The IPC was founded in 1860 under the leadership of Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay, with the aim of unifying the different legal systems across England. The promulgation of the IPC reflected the country’s government’s efforts to consolidate the law and establish a legal system to regulate its subjects. Drawing on British legal standards and local customs, the IPC spells out crimes, penalties and legal procedures that reflect India’s laws that will prevail over many years.

    However, the origins and prejudices of the IPC reflected the power of the time, which often undermined imperial interests of Aboriginal perspective and justice. As India begins its journey towards independence, calls for reform and reform of the IPC are growing to align the law with democratic values, justice and human rights. Subsequent reforms and reforms have attempted to resolve these issues, albeit with varying degrees of success, reflecting India’s ongoing quest for greater justice and equality.(Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS))

    Old IPC Vs. New IPC

    1). Scope and coverage:
    The old IPC mainly focused on traditional crimes that existed during the colonial period, such as theft, murder and adultery.
    The new IPC extends its scope to cyber crimes, intellectual property rights, etc. It expands it to include new crimes such as.

    2). Legal terms:
    Terms and legal terms in the old IPC generally reflect the old language. And Colonial Ideology.
    The new IPC includes modern terms and definitions to increase the clarity and accuracy of legal interpretation.

    3). Penalties and Penalties:
    Penalties prescribed in the old IPC generally had a one-size-fits-all approach and lacked flexibility and proportionality.
    The new IPC further advocated punishment, including factors such as the seriousness of the crime, the offender’s intent and social impact.

    Loopholes in Old and New Indian Penal Code (IPC)

    1.Ambiguity in definitions:

    • Old IPC: Old IPC often suffers from vague definitions, resulting in inconsistent legal interpretations. This uncertainty allows for judicial discretion and possible police abuse.
    • New IPC: Despite efforts to improve and clarify the content, the new IPC still struggles to resolve ambiguities in some provisions, causing confusion and uncertainty in the legal process. Unclear definitions can lead to different results and lead to legal disputes.(Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS))

    2.Outdated crimes:

    • Old IPC: Old IPC mainly deals with crimes related to the colonial era and ignores new emerging crimes such as cyber crimes, intellectual property crimes and environmental damage. This limitation makes the old IPC inadequate for today’s problems.
    • New IPC: Although the new IPC expands its scope to cover today’s crimes, it will soon still be inadequate in the fight against cyber crimes. The pace of technological progress and social change has outpaced legal reform, leading to inconsistencies in the legal system.(Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS))

    3.Lenient punishments:

    • Former International Criminal Code: Penalties under the former International Criminal Code are generally disproportionate and severe; This leads to light sentences for serious crimes. This lack of attention did little to deter criminal behavior and undermined public confidence in the justice system.
    • New International Criminal Code: Despite efforts to reform the sentencing process, the New International Criminal Code can still result in amnesty in some cases, especially regarding illicit trade and white crimes. Inadequate penalties for these crimes will increase crime and weaken the prevention of corruption and financial fraud.(Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS))

    4.Implementation Challenges:

    • Old IPC: Implementation of the old IPC faced problems such as bureaucratic inefficiency, lack of resources and corruption in the criminal justice system. These issues impact the rule of law and cause complaints around the world.
    • New IPC: Implementation of the new IPC continues to face similar challenges due to the pressure of modern crimes and the advancement of digital technologies. Law enforcement will struggle to keep up with the changing criminal justice system, creating a gap between enforcement and prosecution.

    5.Overcriminalization:

    • Old IPC: The old IPC was criticized for its tendency towards overcriminalisation, where minor crimes were disproportionately punished, leading to an excessive justice burden. Overreliance on criminal sanctions hinders efforts to solve social problems and promote conflict resolution.
    • New IPC: The increase in crimes under the new IPC has raised concerns about over-criminalisation, where people can be punished for minor offences. Excessive criminal activity can drain resources, disrupt court operations and divert attention from more serious crimes, ultimately leading to a perversion of justice.

    6.Lack of Rehabilitative Focus:

    • Old IPC: Old IPC gave priority to rehabilitative decisions and ignored socio-economic problems that led to criminal activities. This penal system increases crime and incarceration, leading to inequality and conflict.
    • New IPC: Although there are efforts to include medical measures in the new IPC, the importance of punishment and prevention may not see the need for this approach to crime prevention and treatment of offenders. Without good recovery support and resources, people will have difficulty integrating into society and breaking free from the cycle of violence.(Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS))

    Conclusion | Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS)

    Comparison of old and new versions of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) highlights the changes and complexities that have occurred in India’s criminal justice system. Although amendments have been made to the IPC over the years to address deficiencies and adapt to societal changes, significant flaws remain in both. From vague definitions to implementation issues and lack of feedback, these gaps undermine the effectiveness and integrity of India’s legal system.(Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS))

    The old IPC was embedded in the colonial ideology and reflected the political reality of India. From time to time we try to change the criminal and justice system. Their previous laws and wealth are not enough to cope with today’s crimes and prevent unlawful crimes. Additionally, bureaucratic inefficiency and corruption affect the implementation of the law, leading to dissatisfaction and undermining public confidence in the justice system.

    Although the new IPC represents a step towards modernization and reform, it also faces challenges. Despite efforts to clarify the definition and scope of crime, ambiguity and ambiguity persist, leading to conflict and enforcement of the law. Additionally, overcriminalization and an emphasis on punishment rather than treatment of crime raise concerns about the effectiveness and fairness of the criminal justice system.(Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS))

    Addressing the deficiencies in the IPC requires a range of approaches, including legislative reform, investment in law enforcement and the judiciary, as well as a commitment to promoting human rights and justice. Additionally, efforts to promote recovery and address public health issues that lead to criminal behavior are critical to promoting fairness and justice.

    Consequently, while the IPC is an important pillar of India’s legal framework, continuous efforts must be made to address its shortcomings and ensure that it upolds the principle of justice, equity and human rights for all citizens. It is only through continuous review, development and reform that the IPC can truly play its role in the protection of human rights and freedoms in Indian society.(Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS))

    Related Post | Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS)

    Sources | Old IPC vs. New IPC(BNS)

  • Farmers Protest 2.0 & MSP Concept

    Farmers Protest 2.0 & MSP Concept

    Farmers Protest 2.0 – Farmers from Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, & Haryana, with over 200 unions, organised a march, ‘Delhi Chalo’, to voice their demands. This resulted in chaos when police fired tear gas & water cannons to stop them from entering Delhi.

    “Major Demands of Farmers”

    • Legal guarantee for MSP for all crops
    • Farm loan waivers
    • Implementation of the Swaminathan Commission recommendations Pensions for farmers & farm labourers
    • Withdrawal of cases against farmers during the 2020 protest

    “Swaminathan Commission Recommendations”

    • Increasing the MSP for crops by at least 50% more than the cost of production.
    • Setting up a mechanism to regulate the sale of agricultural land.
    • Reduction in the crop loan rate to 4%, with govt support to improve farmers’ credit availability.
    • Increasing investments in agriculture-related infrastructure to enhance productivity.

    “MSP: What is it ?”

    One of the main demands of the farmers’ unions, the Minimum Support Price is a type of market intervention by the government to protect farmers against any significant decline in farm prices. It was one of the major agricultural reforms implemented in post-independence India.

    At the start of the planting season for some crops, the government announces the minimum support prices based on the recommendations made by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).

    “MSP From a Historical Angle”

    • It is commonly known that the leaders of both the previous and current protests are members of the large farmer class that emerged in northwest India during the Green Revolution. This class was created because of government assistance provided through subsidies, MSPs, free electricity, water, and credit, among other initiatives.
    • This class of farmers also developed interests in trade and business, as well as moneylending. This class perceived a threat from the entry of the agri-business enterprises with the passing of the New Farm Laws, which have subsequently been withdrawn.
    • 86% of farmers in the nation are small and marginal growers that purchase food grains on a net basis. By forcing the State to buy at MSP to maintain artificially high prices, these farmers suffer from inflation.

    “What the Institution of MSP has led to:”

    1. have exacerbated Punjab’s uneven cropping patterns,
      destroyed biodiversity, and created ecological and environmental issues by lowering water levels,
      which has resulted in soil degradation.
    2. The whole of northern India is covered with smog.
    3. Price guarantee for rice when buying from MSP caused the Punjab’s desert (dry) region to begin growing rice.
    4. “Country’s Refusal to Accept The True Nature of Agriculture :”

    Sadly, since our independence, various governments have consistently failed to see farming as an individual business, and farmers as individual producers. It’s not the government’s role to guarantee set prices or earnings or favor certain producer groups.

    Sadly, our nation has stuck with flawed farming policies for far too long, creating an entirely skewed market where just a few middlemen thrive. Legislating MSP as a legal right and criminalising commercial deals, some believe, would be a step backwards.

    There’s no fault in an ordinary farmer seeking a better price for his products. Still, legal backing to MSP, controlling the cost of farm goods, could spell disaster for the farming sector, some suggest.

    “A Fundamental Role of Economics”


    A core principle in the field of economics states that whenever a minimum price level is established, a surplus production situation is inevitable. This concept is exactly what the Minimum Support Price (MSP) aims to address. Each year, the surplus wheat and rice output is acquired at the MSP rate.

    The certainty of pricing provided by these guaranteed prices significantly influences farmers’ decisions on what crops to grow. Nonetheless, due to budgetary and logistical limitations, only a small portion of the total yield, benefiting a mere 6% of farmers, particularly in Punjab and Haryana, is reported to be purchased effectively.

    “What Happens if the Government Purchases All Crops?”

    1. If the Government chooses to purchase all the crops requested by the protesters.
    2. There will be difficulties regarding their storage, and;
    3. If MSP is made mandatory, there will be difficulties regarding the quality of the crop, as the government will have to decide:
    4. Which quality will be procured at MSP, and;
    5. What will be the rate for the poor quality, and who will buy it.
    6. Even with the current restricted buying, FCI still has an enormous excess of coarse grains. With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, Intelle-cap, a consultancy, conducted a study which revealed that:

    Crop post-harvest losses are projected to be around Rs 92,600 crore per year, with post-harvest losses in cereals like wheat and rice ranging from 3.9% to 6%.

    The study claims that the losses are caused by rotting, leaks, and rodents consuming everything because of improper storage. Additionally, the accumulation of extra inventory has increased the cost of financing, storage, and other logistics.

    As a result, the FCI (the food corporation of India) is forced to regularly sell the excess grains on the open market, frequently for a price that is far less than the procurement cost, causing massive losses to FCI.

    Related Post

    Sources

  • MLA candidacy not fundamental right so no direct appeal : Supreme Court

    MLA candidacy not fundamental right so no direct appeal : Supreme Court

    MLA candidacy not fundamental right so no direct appeal – In the case, Chaitanya Sharma and ors vs Speaker Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly and ors, a petition was filed before the Top Court by six Congress legislators from Himachal Pradesh who were disqualified by the speaker of the assembly.

    Speaker disqualified the MLAs for having remained absent from the House despite the issuance of a whip by the party.The speaker had opined that in voting on critical matters like budget, elected MLAs of a party cannot be permitted to hide behind procedural technicalities such as proof of service of the whip. Thus, the speaker had ruled that the six MLAs incurred disqualification under the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

    The Supreme Court said that a petition can be filed directly before the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution only when there is a violation of any of the fundamental rights enumerated in Part III of the Constitution.

    The Supreme Court asked at the outset why the petitioners had notmoved the High Court first and what fundamental rights’ violation was involved in the matter. They were elected as per the provisions of the Constitution but that is not a fundamental right.

    Related Post | MLA candidacy not fundamental right so no direct appeal

    Sources | MLA candidacy not fundamental right so no direct appeal

  • Indian Youth Parliament by Media Foundation

    Indian Youth Parliament by Media Foundation

    The Indian Youth Parliament is a unique platform created to foster dialogue and generate partnerships between exceptional youth from private sector, civil society and government. It acts as bridge to fill the gap between government and society. Many youth leaders and social activists will join Indian Youth Parliament to facilitate youth with adequate opportunity to develop leadership skills and direct them to benefit the humanity.

    Event Details

    Democracy Day National Session
    Dates :- 15 -16-17 September 2024
    Last date :-31 March ,2024
    Theme :- “Empowering the next generation”

    Topics for Indian Youth Parliament

    • Current World, National & Regional issues.
    • Grassroots community programme.
    • Environment, Water & Diversity.

    Where you can speak ?

    • Morning Workshop
    • Attention Motion
    • Open Debate
    • Questions/Answer Session with keynotes.
    • Interaction with Guests.
    • Table talk with speakers during breakfast/lunch.

    Fee Structure | Indian Youth Parliament

    Without Accommodation– 800/- Students (Under 23yr.)
    1100/- Others (Certificate, Publication, T-Shirt, Folder, Pen, Ped, Bedge, 03 Breakfast & 03 Lunch)
    With accommodation
    2500/- (Boys Group Dormitory)
    4000/- Stud. (Under 23yr.)
    4500/- Others
    (Certificate, Publication, T-Shirt, Folder, Pen, Ped, Bedge, 03 Breakfast, 03 Lunch 03 dinners & 03 night share basic accommodation)

    Other Info.

    (Check In on Dt. 14th Sep. Check Out on Dt. 17th Sep.)
    Web Link:- https://indianyouthparliament.co.in

    Contact Info.

    Contact number:-9413994475
    Ashutosh Joshi (National Convenor)

    Relevant Links | Indian Youth Parliament

  • International Relations – Definitions | Features | Importance

    International Relations – Definitions | Features | Importance

    International Relations – The study of political and social systems, including state relations and the notion of international law, may be traced back to ancient Greece, when the study of political and social systems, including state relations and the concept of international law, began to take shape. The current field of International Relations, on the other hand, evolved in the early twentieth century, partly in response to the devastation of World War I. The term “International” was for the first time used by Jeremy Bentham in the later part of eighteen century.

    Meaning and Definitions of International Relations

    Meaning – It is a branch of poltical science that defines how to interact with other states. the term international relations also defined as officials relations between the soverign states. However some scholars include economic, social and cultural relations in it.

    Definition –

    • As per Padelford and Lincoln, “International Relations is the interaction of states policies within the changing patterns of power relationships.”
    • According to Trygve Mathiesen, international relations embrace, “all kinds of relations traversing state boundaries, no matter whether they are of an economic, legal, political or any other character, whether they be private or official, and “all human behaviour originating on one side of a state boundary and affecting human behaviour on the other side of the boundary”

    Definitions of International politics

    • According to Palmer and Perkins, “International politics is essentially concerned with the state system.”
    • Robert Strausz Hape and Stefan Possony say that “the actions of citizens and the decisions of politically significant private groups determine the field of international politics.”  Thus, international politics is a process of constant interaction among nations in which every nation tries to prompt its own interest in contrast to others by means of its policies and actions.
    • According to Norman Padelford and George Lincoln, “The interaction of state-policies within the changing patterns of power relationships constitutes international politics
    • Prof Hans J. Morgenthau says, “International politics is the unending struggle for, and use of, power among nations.”
    • As per Thomson, “International politics is the study of rivalry among nations and the conditions and institutions which ameliorate or exacerbate these relationships.”

    Special Features of International Relations

    Here are some key features of International Relations:

    International Relations is the study of relations between sovereign nations and other actors in the international system, such as international organisations, multinational enterprises, and non-state actors such as non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

    Norms and Institutions: The study of norms and institutions such as international law, human rights, and the United Nations is also part of international relations. These norms and institutions influence state conduct and serve as a foundation for cooperation and conflict resolution.

    Conflict and Cooperation: The study of conflict and cooperation between nations and other actors in the international system is central to international relations. Conflict resolution and peacebuilding are also major aspects of the field.

    Power: The study of power, both in terms of military capability and economic resources, is a common theme in international relations. Power can be utilised to influence other states and international players.

    Anarchy: When there is a lack of centralised authority in the international system, states must rely on their own resources and power to achieve their objectives.

    Interdependence: The international system is growing more interdependent, which means that states and players are more linked and dependent on one another than ever before.

    Global Issues: Global concerns that transcend state boundaries, such as climate change, terrorism, and pandemics, are frequently addressed in international relations. These difficulties necessitate a multidisciplinary approach that includes economics, political science, sociology, and other disciplines.

    Importance or Significance of Study International Relations

    1. Also, learning about international relations can help people realise that nationalism is not always a good thing. Abused or overblown nationalism might pose a greater threat to international harmony and unification.
    2. We may investigate the fundamental motives that drive states’ behaviour in the world, how they go about achieving these goals, and the resources that ultimately determine whether they succeed or fail.
    3. The understanding of issues related to collective security and disarmament is further bolstered by studying international relations.
    4. It offers a strategy that third-world nations might use to establish their own nations. It fosters the sense of global brotherhood necessary for the advancement of humanity within the international society.
    5. The motto of “live and let live’ has achieved considerable popularity in the international relations.
    6. The study of international relations has shown that the idea of sovereignty is no longer relevant. It fosters belief in the ability of society as a whole to solve issues.
    7. It emphasises how collaboration over conflict is crucial for the advancement of transportation, communication, and the economy in the current atomic age.
    8. International relations gained its importance due to its explaining the reasons for war between different states; factors for the establishment of peace; outbreak of wars and their end; and the nature of wars in the past, present and future. It explains the foreign policies of the major and smaller states.

    Related Post

    Meaning of International Relations ?

    It is a branch of poltical science that defines how to interact with other states. the term international relations also defined as officials relations between the soverign states. However some scholars include economic, social and cultural relations in it.

    Define International Relations ?

    Definition – As per Padelford and Lincoln, “International Relations is the interaction of states policies within the changing patterns of power relationships.”

    Definitions of International politics ?

    According to Palmer and Perkins, “International politics is essentially concerned with the state system.”

    What are the Special Features of International Relations ?

    Power: The study of power, both in terms of military capability and economic resources, is a common theme in international relations. Power can be utilised to influence other states and international players.
    Anarchy: When there is a lack of centralised authority in the international system, states must rely on their own resources and power to achieve their objectives.
    Interdependence: The international system is growing more interdependent, which means that states and players are more linked and dependent on one another than ever before…..

    Importance or Significance of Study International Relations ?

    1. Also, learning about international relations can help people realise that nationalism is not always a good thing. Abused or overblown nationalism might pose a greater threat to international harmony and unification.
    2. We may investigate the fundamental motives that drive states’ behaviour in the world, how they go about achieving these goals, and the resources that ultimately determine whether they succeed or fail……..

    Reference Books

    • H.J. Morgantheau – Politics among Nations
    • International Relations in the 21st Century by Pant
    • Raymond Aron – Peace and war a theory of International Relations
    • J.C. Johari – International Politics
    •  An Introduction to International Relations by John Baylis, Steve Smith and Patricia Owens.
    • Prem Arora – International Relations and foreign policy

    Sources

  • Madras HC dismisses convert’s Plea for reservation

    Madras HC dismisses convert’s Plea for reservation

    Madras HC dismisses convert’s Plea for reservation that Even after conversion, a person cannot carry their community of birth.

    Madurai: Can a Hindu who converted to Islam demand benefits from the reservation system by being recognised as a candidate from a backward community ?

    The Madras High Court disagreed, stating that even after conversion, a person cannot retain his community of birth. It did, however, note that the Supreme Court is now deliberating on the matter.

    U Akbar Ali, a petitioner who was born a Hindu into a denotified group and hence qualified as a member of the Most Backward Class (MBC), received the verdict from Justice G R Swaminathan. In 2008, he changed his name and became an Is- lam. He had applied to the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission’s (TNPSC) Group-II services but was not chosen because he was considered an open category candidate. He moved the court in protest of his exclusion. Justice Swaminathan denied his request and stated: “The question of whether or not such a person should have the advantage of reservation even after conversion is one that the supreme court is now debating. It is not for this court to support the petitioner’s claim when the Supreme Court becomes involved in the case. The TNPSC’s stance is justified and does not call for any interference.”


    When a community certificate from the Ramanathapuram taluk’s zonal deputy tahsildar from 2015 certifying that the individual belonged to the Labbais community was cited, Justice Swaminathan stated that not all Muslims in Tamil Nadu are considered to be members of the lower social strata.

    According to a certificate issued by the Tamil Nadu government’s Kazi for the Ramanathapuram district in 2012, Sathiyamoorthy had converted to Islam of his own free will and was now adhering to Islamic rules and principles. However, Justice Swaminata stated that “this certificate declaring the petitioner’s conversion only states that the petitioner has converted to Islam and nothing more.”

    The court concluded, “I fail to see as to how a religious authority of a secular government may fix the converted individual in a par- ticular slot or pigeon-hole when the Kazi does not proclaim that the convertee is to be treated as belonging to the group of Labbais.”The judge cited as many as four letters from the Tamil Nadu government, stating that the administration had established that applicants who had converted from another religion to Islam would only be considered under the “others category.”

    The judge cited as many as four letters from the Tamil Nadu government, stating that the administration had established that applicants who had converted from another religion to Islam would only be considered under the “others category.” (Related Article)

  • Importance of Socializing

    Importance of Socializing

    Importance of Socializing – Is socialization necessary? Does it really help individuals become human and express themselves more fully and effectively? Is it important to ensure stability, conformity, and continuity in society? Or is it important to ensure the expression of individuality? Will it hinder it? Wouldn’t it prevent the expression of individual free will and reduce it to the level of a small fragment of unattractive social coherence? Wouldn’t that make his life even more miserable? These are some of the questions relevant to the discussion about the importance of socialization.

    Centuries ago in Europe, there was a widespread belief that civilization had corrupted the basic good nature of humans and that primitive peoples were the only “pure” people left. Noble Savage published many novels that were read by people who had never read a novel before. For example, J.J. writes: In his book “Emile” (1762).

    Rousseau advocated raising children in the forest so that society would not undermine their natural advantages. Most sociologists do not agree that socialization inevitably leads to misery. “Although it is true, as Freud suggested, that we must refrain from satisfying many impulses, we learn to guide others in a direction that satisfies us within our own society. ” As Metta Spencer and Alex Inkeles point out, “Experience in society will make you not a “noble savage” but an ugly animal insensitive to the thoughts and feelings of others. ”

    Society can give people some freedom from their impulses, but never complete freedom. Freud was right. “Civilization itself requires a degree of self-denial for the sake of beauty, cleanliness, and social order.” We are not forced to choose whether or not to socialize our children; All you have to do is how to socialize. Social research can reveal many factors related to this topic. Of course, no amount of research can provide a foolproof formula for parenting. No education can fix a person’s character so firmly that it can never be changed. The importance of sociability in our lives cannot be overstated.

    The explanation below will make it very clear.

    1. Socialization transforms human beings, who are biological beings, into human beings, who are social beings. Humans are not naturally social. Through the process of socialization, he becomes sociable. Various examples such as Kaspar Hauser, Anna, and the “Wolf Children” of India make it very clear that newborns acquire a social personality only through continuous training.
    2. Socialization contributes to personality development. Individuality is a product of society. Without groups and society, people cannot develop their individuality. However, socialization is the process by which a newborn’s personality is formed and formed. The socialization process prepares the child for an accepted social life. At the same time, it gives individuals enough freedom to develop their individuality.
    3. It helps you stay disciplined. Socialization is social learning. Social learning is essentially learning the rules of social behavior. Through socialization, the child learns not only the rules of social behavior, but also values, ideals, goals and objectives in life, as well as the means to achieve them. Socialization disciplines individuals and helps them live according to society’s expectations.
    4. Helps take on different roles. Every person has to play different roles in life. Each role is normatively woven and associated with different attitudes. The socialization process helps individuals not only learn the norms associated with roles but also develop appropriate attitudes to perform those roles.
    5. Provide knowledge about skills. Socialization is a method of teaching newborns certain skills necessary for normal social life. These skills help individuals fulfill economic, professional, educational, religious, and political roles in later life. For example, in primitive societies, transmitting skills for specific occupations to younger generations was an important aspect of socialization.
    6. It helps you develop the right pursuits in life. Each person can have their own aspirations, ambitions, and aspirations in life. All these aspirations do not necessarily coincide with social interests. Some may even conflict with the community’s interests. However, through the process of socialization, individuals learn to develop aspirations that complement the interests of society. Socialization will help direct all your energies towards achieving these goals.
    7. Contribute to the stability of social order. Through the process of socialization, each new generation is trained according to society’s cultural goals, ideals, and expectations. It ensures the cultural continuity of society. At the same time, it provides ample room for diversity and newness. Not every new generation needs to restart their social life. You can comfortably draw on previous generations and follow their cultural traditions. In this respect, socialization contributes to the stability of social order.
    8. Helps reduce social distancing. Socialization can reduce social distance and bring people together if given proper attention. Providing appropriate education and guidance to children in early childhood can reduce social distance between people of different castes, races, regions, religions and occupations.
    9. Provide room to build a bright future. Socialization is one of the most powerful tools for changing human destiny. Through the process of socialization, a society can produce a generation that lives up to its expectations. Providing proper education to newborn children can make a huge difference to the next generation. “Improved socialization offers one of the greatest opportunities for the future transformation of humanity and human society.” – Kingsley Davis
    10. Helps in the transmission of culture. Socialization also contributes to cultural continuity by passing on cultural content such as ideas, beliefs, language, and skills from generation to generation.

    Related Post | Importance of Socializing

    Reference Books | Importance of Socializing

    • C.N. Shankar Rao – Principle of sociology with an introduction to social thoughts
    • Introduction to Sociology by Anthony Giddens
    • A Dictionary of Sociology by John Scott
    • Sociological Theory by George Ritzer
    • Handbook of Indian Sociology by Veena Das
    • Social Change in Modern India by M N Srinivas

    Sources | Importance of Socializing

  • Civilization – meaning | difference

    Civilization – meaning | difference

    The term “civilization” comes from the Latin word “Civitas” meaning city. Therefore, this term refers to all the achievements characteristic of human life in organized cities. Cities emerged relatively late in human history, so “civilization” refers to a particular stage in human evolution. In contrast, culture describes collective life at all stages of human social development, and the term civilization is also used to include all social organizations and other achievements that distinguish humans from other animals.

    Definition

    1. Goldenweiser used the term ‘Civilisation’ identically with culture to refer to all human achievements.
    2. Kant used the term civilisation to mean outward behaviour of man.
    3. According to Gillin and Gillin, civilization is a more complex and evolved form of culture.
    4. Ogburn and Nimkoff conceived of civilisation as the latter phase of the superorganic culture. According to Madlver and Page, civilization is the whole apparatus of life.

    Civilization refers to the devices and tools used to control nature. This includes technical and material equipment such as printing presses, locomotives, tractors, radios, televisions, teleprinters, typewriters, airplanes, and machine guns. It also includes the entire machinery of economic and political organization. Our schools, universities, monetary systems, banking systems, parliaments, insurance systems, etc.
    That is, as far as means are concerned, civilization is external, mechanical, and utilitarian.

    We do not need the products of civilization for their own sake, but to meet our needs. For example, travel requires cars, scooters, buses, and locomotives; radio, television, and mobile communications; communications require post and telegraph; trade and commerce require banks and monetary systems. Don’t own these things just for the sake of owning them difference between culture and civilization The terms “culture” and “civilization” are often differentiated for various reasons. Both represent her two major areas of human behavior and experience.

    Differences between Civilization and culture

    Civilization has a precise scale, but culture does not.

    The products of civilization are those that can be measured quantitatively for efficiency. It’s easy to say that a car is better than a hand plow, or that a currency or banking system is better than a primitive barter system.
    But cultural products cannot be measured. We can judge cultural products only through personal judgment. But they cannot be measured or quantified. If someone says that Kalidasa’s literary works are better than Shakespeare’s, we cannot prove or refute it, but rather we can only agree or disagree with their words. you can’t. Cultural values, opinions, ideas, ideologies, morals, customs, beliefs, fashion, etc. are immeasurable. Different ages and different groups have their own standards for judging these cultural things.

    Civilization always advances, but culture does not.

    According to McYear and Page, civilization continues as long as there is no break in social continuity. It always shows a persistent upward trend and is already conserved. Each generation adds its own achievements to the already accumulated energy and intelligence. Therefore, all technological achievements are improved compared to the past.

    Once our tools are discovered, humans continue to improve them. The change from dirt roads to tar roads to cement-concrete roads, from bows and arrows to machine guns to atomic bombs, shows progress. The progress of civilization is certain. Progress in the cultural field is not guaranteed. Culture doesn’t always progress. The pinnacles reached in the field of religion and spirituality by Gautama Buddha, Shankaracharya and Swami Vivekananda were not reached by their followers. Similarly, Kalidasa, Bharavi and Bāsa in Sanskrit literature still maintain their dominance.

    However, in the realm of civilization, the discoveries of Newton and Edison became the basis for further discoveries. However, culture cannot be said to be unchanging. There is development in culture, even if it does not necessarily mean progress.

    Products of civilization are easier to transmit than products of culture.

    The products of civilization are available to everyone. Knowledge about civilizations can be passed on very easily, without much effort. The work of engineers and mechanics is not limited to other engineers and mechanics. We can enjoy the products of civilization without sharing the ability to produce them. Millions of people may be using radios, televisions, telephones, cameras, etc. without understanding their technology or how they work. Cultural products, on the other hand, can only be passed on among like-minded people. Anyone with a talent for poetry can appreciate poetry alone. An artist’s work belongs only to those who have artistic understanding.

    Civilization is borrowed without loss or change, but culture is not.

    People can easily borrow the products of civilization. Technical equipment and systems can be borrowed or transferred without any problems. It is easy for Indians to adopt scientific methods invented in the West, but it is difficult for foreigners to adopt Indian cultural elements.

    Therefore, civilization is much more widespread than culture. Different groups may use similar products but have different cultures. Many Eastern countries have adopted Western technology, but each retains its own unique culture. There may be some “cultural borrowings” (e.g. styles of dress, manner of speaking, fashion, trends, diet, entertainment, etc.), but these are insignificant compared to borrowings from civilization. .

    Civilization is external, culture is internal.

    Civilization is external, mechanical, and utilitarian. Respond to external needs Human. Civilization is a means. In a sense, it reflects the material wealth of humanity. Culture is internal. It refers to internal values. It is the way we live and think, our actions and actions, our expression in art and literature, philosophy and religion, morality, recreation and entertainment, dance, drama and music. As the philosopher Kant emphasized, civilization is a matter of external behavior, whereas culture requires morality as an internal state of human beings. As McBurr and Page said, “Civilization is what we have; culture is what we have.”

    Finally, the products of culture reveal the nature of individuals, social groups, and nations, whereas the products of civilization do not. In the field of culture, artists, poets, and painters can express their love of beauty, admiration for literature, and fascination with art through works of art, literature, and painting. Engineers, on the other hand, cannot express their individuality, love of beauty, likes and dislikes, morals and values ​​through machines, discoveries and inventions.

    Interdependence and interrelationship of culture and civilization

    Civilization and culture do not reveal two independent and distinct systems. Those differences are only relative, not absolute. They are not only interdependent, but also interactive. Both are artificially created. One for his comfort and luxury, and the other for his satisfaction and happiness. One is just as important as the other. The “order” of civilization influences the “order” of culture.

    Objects of civilization called “artifacts” are influenced by culture called “quantitative artefacts.” Culture is also influenced by the goods of civilization. In general, a cultural character is added to the utilitarian order. We want fashion and style, and we display it on cars, buildings, etc. Similarly, our philosophy, literature, and learning are heavily influenced by the printing press.

    Some civilizational goods and everyday objects acquire a cultural character over time. The tools and utensils of primitive communities are also symbols of culture. The various items discovered during the excavations, such as pots, vessels, jewelry, coins, weapons, and tools, reveal the culture of the ancient people.

    Civilized environments can influence our thinking, values, morals, goals, ideals, ideologies, and more. This machine brought new habits and pleasures, new philosophies and ethics. Advances in science and technology have changed our worldview. Cultural order also influences civilization. Every person and every age has their own way of life. We consider new inventions and technologies in the context of our way of life and values.

    New aspirations and values ​​can create a new civilization. Culture is the place where civilization grows. Civilization gives strength and durability to the wheels of society. According to Ogburn, civilization stands for “material culture” and culture means “non-material culture.” If civilization is like a body, culture is its soul.

    McVere and Page clearly demonstrated the interrelationship of culture and civilization. A civilization, they say, is a ship that “can call at various ports.” The ports we head to remain cultural decisions. Without ships we could not sail at all. Depending on the condition of the ship, it may sail faster or slower, and its voyage time may be longer or shorter. But the direction we take is not determined by the ship’s design. The more efficient we are, the more ports are within our reach. ” In other words, civilization is the driving force of society. Culture is their handle.

    Related Post

    Reference Books

    • C.N. Shankar Rao – Principle of sociology with an introduction to social thoughts
    • Introduction to Sociology by Anthony Giddens
    • A Dictionary of Sociology by John Scott
    • Sociological Theory by George Ritzer
    • Handbook of Indian Sociology by Veena Das
    • Social Change in Modern India by M N Srinivas

    Sources

  • Functions of Culture in Sociology | functions of culture pdf

    Functions of Culture in Sociology | functions of culture pdf

    Functions of Culture in Sociology – Humans are not only social animals, but also cultural beings. Human social life is made possible by culture. Culture is what raised him from the animal level to the human level. Without culture, people cannot survive as humans. It represents the entirety of human achievement.

    Culture has served many functions, including:

    Culture is a treasure trove of knowledge.

    Culture provides knowledge that is essential for human physical, social, and spiritual existence. Birds and animals act instinctively. They use their instincts to adapt to their environment. However, humans have greater intelligence and learning abilities. Thanks to their help, he was able to adapt to the environment and change it according to his own wishes. Culture enabled and facilitated such adaptation and change by providing humans with the necessary skills and knowledge.

    Culture stores knowledge and supports its transmission from generation to generation through its component language. Language not only helps in the transmission of knowledge, but also in its preservation, accumulation, and dissemination. Animals, on the other hand, do not have this advantage. Because culture does not exist at a subhuman level.

    Culture defines the situation.

    Culture defines social situations for us. What we eat, what we drink, what we wear, when we laugh, cry, sleep, love, who we should be friends with, what work we do, which God we worship. In addition to defining what to do and how to do it, you also make conditions and decisions. We know which poems we are reciting, etc.

    Culture defines attitudes, values, and goals.

    An attitude is a tendency to feel and behave in a particular way. Values ​​are measures of goodness or desirability. Goals refer to accomplishments that our values ​​define as valuable. It is culture that determines our attitude towards various issues such as religion, morality, marriage, science, family planning, prostitution, etc.

    Our values ​​about private property, fundamental rights, representative government, romantic love, etc. are influenced by our culture. Our goals – winning the race, understanding others, achieving salvation, being obedient to our elders and teachers, being faithful to our husbands, being patriotic – are all our goals. determined by the culture of We are socialized according to these models.

    Culture determines our careers.

    Our culture determines whether we should become politicians, social workers, doctors, engineers, soldiers, farmers, professors, businessmen, religious leaders, etc. The careers we pursue depend heavily on our culture. Limitations of cultural workers in different career choices. Individuals may develop, change, or resist the trends of their own culture, but they always live within their own frameworks. Very few people find a cultural outlet.

    Culture provides patterns of behavior.

    Culture controls and limits individual behavior. Culture sets goals and provides the means to achieve them. It rewards his noble deeds and punishes his vile ones. It assigns him a status and a role. We see, dream, aspire, work, strive, marry, and have fun according to cultural expectations. Culture not only controls human energies and activities, but also liberates them. Man is indeed a prisoner of his own culture.

    Culture shapes character.

    Culture has a great influence on personality development. Without a cultural environment, children cannot develop their human qualities. Culture prepares people for collective life and gives them the freedom to shape their own lives. It is culture that provides opportunities for personal growth and places limits on growth.

    As Ruth Benedict pointed out, every culture produces its own particular personality types. She emphasized this fact in her “Patterns of Culture,” in which she analyzed the cultures of three primitive societies. Another American anthropologist named Margaret Mead said, “Culture shapes it.”

    The character and behavior of the people who live there… She demonstrated this fact in her study “Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies,” which studied tribal life in New Guinea.
    It is true that individuals are exposed to and are shaped by the culture of the group into which they are born. However, culture provides not only the “universal” but also the “alternative”.

    Cultural learning involves not only conformity but also diversity. But no individual is completely culturally determined. Every person is unique in every culture. Uniqueness may be due to individual differences in skills, aptitudes, and learning. Cultures do not necessarily affect individuals in the same way. Sooner or later, every person is exposed to influences that are not completely determined by culture.

    He meets people outside of his culture. Travel, books, radio, movies, television, theater, and newspapers expose people to a variety of extracultural influences. A variety of biological and social factors constitute the uniqueness of individuals in any culture.

    Related Post | Functions of Culture in Sociology

    Reference Books | Functions of Culture in Sociology

    • A Dictionary of Sociology by John Scott
    • C.N. Shankar Rao – Principle of sociology with an introduction to social thoughts
    • Sociological Theory by George Ritzer
    • Introduction to Sociology by Anthony Giddens
    • Handbook of Indian Sociology by Veena Das
    • Social Change in Modern India by M N Srinivas

    Sources | Functions of Culture in Sociology

  • Theories of Socialization | 5 major theories of socialization

    Theories of Socialization | 5 major theories of socialization

    Followings are the main theories of Socialization ;

    (a) C.H. Cooley’s “‘Looking-Glass Self” theory | Theories of Socialization

    The “self” can be seen as an internalized object that represents a person’s personality. Where does this self come from? Are we born with it? Should we learn to recognize and know that? Is this something individuals take with them when facing society? Or is it something he receives from society as a gift of conflict? Charles Horton Cooley, America’s leading new social psychologist, made several sustained attempts to find answers to these questions.

    C.H. Cooley presented us with his two main hypotheses: (i) the mind is social, and (ii) society is mental. Of the two, the former impressed many sociologists. In Social Organization, he writes, Self and society are twins, we know one as directly as the other, and the idea of a separate and independent self is an illusion.” I am writing. While observing his children, he came to the conclusion that the very concept ofself” or “ego”, i.e., I, can only arise in relationships with other people.

    There are three main elements in Looking-Glass.

    Self-Cooley argued that self and society are two sides of the same coin. Our ideas, loyalties, attitudes, and perspectives come from others. Cooley is one of the means of communication called mirror self. According to him, self-image and self-attitude are developed by imagining what others think of us in a kind of “mirror” process.

    There seem to be three main components to this type of self-image:

    (i) Thoughts about how we appear to others.

    (ii) the imagination of his judgment of this (imaginary) phenomenon;

    (iii) a type of self-feeling such as pride or humiliation;

    As Cooley argues in his book Human Nature and Social Order, individuals develop ideas about themselves through contact with major groups, especially families. This happens by noticing their attitude towards him. In other words, the child understands what he thinks about himself and then, through the thoughts that others think about him, understands what kind of person he is. Cooley therefore called the child’s idea of ​​himself the “mirror self.” Children perceive themselves to be better or worse off to varying degrees depending on how others treat them.

    Therefore, a child’s self-image may be influenced by the types of names given to him by his family and friends. A child who is called an “angel” by his mother has a different idea of ​​himself than a child who is called a “villain.” The “Glass Self” assures the child which aspects of the role he has assumed are to be praised and which are to be condemned.

    What is acceptable to others and what is not. Usually people have their own attitudes towards and adopt social roles. The child first tries this out on others, then takes it on himself, and when the person becomes an object” of himself, a self arises. He is now able to have the same opinion about himself that he believes others have. The moral order that governs human society is highly dependent on theGlass Self.”


    Therefore, it is clear that we tend to see ourselves through the eyes of others. Depending on the nature and weight of this “other” (the person we imagine ourselves in our minds), we experience a variety of emotions. We are ashamed to appear evasive in front of honest people. Cowardly before a brave man, vulgar before an educated man, greedy before a generous man, etc.

    We may be proud of our behavior to one person, but we may be embarrassed to express it to another. “I’m not who I think I am, and I’m not who you think I am. I’m who I think I am.” I think. Cooley concludes that “the self is social, and without society there would be no self-consciousness.” The “Glass Self” affects everyone’s daily life.

    (b) George Herbert Mead’s theory of self | Theories of Socialization

    G.H. Mead, a famous philosopher and psychologist at the University of Chicago, also believed, like Cooley, that society is the determinant of an individual’s socialization. He agreed with Cooley that the “self” is social. Mead explained: We become aware of ourselves primarily through interaction. It means that individuals learn more about themselves through so-called “role play.”

    role-playing game”. Mead stated that individuals play the role of others in order to form an image of themselves. By seeing themselves as others see themselves, one actually puts themselves in the other person’s shoes and imagines how they would react. This is “role playing”. The “other” could be his parents, close friends, and ultimately society as a whole.

    As the child grows up, it is observed that he behaves towards dolls and toys in the same way that his mother and other family members behaved towards him. The child assumes the role of another person in the play. Through role-playing, in which children play the roles of mothers, fathers, and others, children learn to see themselves objectively through the eyes of others. Some of these “others” are “more important”.

    significant other

    A newborn child has a desire for gratification, such as food and clothing. The mother meets these needs, and the child becomes dependent on her and becomes emotionally “identified” with her. However, over time, the child distances himself from his mother and realizes that he plays a subordinate role compared to his mother’s superior role. Then the child will understand the role of the father. He distinguishes between father and mother and then integrates them into the social system.

    (c) Freud and his concept of the human mind | Theories of Socialization

    Sigmund Freud was an Austrian psychiatrist and the founder of psychoanalysis. Much of Freud’s work is more about the “human psyche” than the process of socialization. Although Freud did not propose a theory of socialization per se, his ideas did much to clarify this process. This can be determined by understanding his analysis of the human mind.

    Freud divided the human mind into three areas.

    They are:

    (1) Id: The ‘id’ is concerned only with satisfying the animal impulses of man. (i) Ego: The ‘ego’ serves as the mediator between desire and action. It represses the urges of the ‘id’ when necessary.

    (iii) Super Ego: The ‘superego always holds up the behaviour norms of society. It provides the ‘ego’ the idea of moral and immoral and this in turn intervenes with the id.

    In Freud’s analysis of the human mind, the concept of the “super ego” is of great sociological importance. It is also important for learning socialization. According to Freud, an individual’s superego reflects his parents’ standards of right and wrong. Individuals incorporate these into their personality by identifying with their parents.

    The parental standard is none other than the society in which the person currently lives, or one of its subgroups. As a result, in the process of socialization, the child logically adopts society’s behavioral norms through the super ego.

    (d) W.I. Thomas’ “definition of the situation” theory | Theories of Socialization

    W. I. Thomas’ views on the socialization process can be understood through the analysis of his “definition of the situation” theory. According to Thomas, the child’s situation is already determined for him. The rules by which he must behave are determined by the group into which he is born. The child is not able to act according to his own whims and ideas. He must act according to the group’s expectations and reconcile his wishes with the group’s wishes.

    Group wishes and expectations always require self-control, order, discipline, and self-sacrifice on the part of children. There may be some discrepancy between the child’s wishes and the group’s wishes. Usually, but not always, the group wins in such conflicts. Thomas vividly described this situation in his work “The Unadjusted Girl”.

    Therefore, according to Thomas, conscious action requires an evaluation of the situation in which the person finds himself. Once the situation is defined for him, he will be able to act appropriately in it in normal life. His role will also be revealed. Thomas pointed out that during infancy, the infant’s situation is defined by the mother and other members. Parents define situations through language and other symbols and printed materials. Parents can give instructions to children to correct their behavior.

    (e) Durkheim’s “collective representation” theory | Theories of Socialization

    Durkheim’s theory of “collective representations” sheds light on the study of socialization processes. In his socialization theory, Durkheim argues that individuals become socialized by adopting group behaviors. By “collective expression” he meant the totality of group experiences, ideas, and ideals on which individuals unconsciously depend in their thoughts, attitudes, and actions.

    For Durkheim, collective expressions are objects or elements of social value. These objects are symbolic products that are mutually owned and mutually transmitted.

    Durkheim explained that “collective expression” has great power because it is created and developed collectively. This means that collective expressions and social values ​​are the product of collective action. Therefore, they are persuasive and coercive. For example, a national flag is a political expression. Scriptures are religious expressions, etc. Durkheim stated that these collective representations and social values ​​directly or indirectly shape the newborn’s personality and behavior.

    According to Durkheim, individuals improve according to the standards of the group. The collective experience of the group gives the individual the necessary direction in learning correct behavior. In this respect, Durkheim’s collective expression is similar to Sumner’s concept of folk customs and customs. Durkheim believed that “collective expression is an autonomous entity, completely independent of individuals.”

    He proposed the theory of “collective consciousness” and “collective mind,” which he believed existed independently of individual consciousness. This part of Durkheim’s doctrine has been heavily criticized and is currently rejected by many American sociologists.

    Related Post | Theories of Socialization

    Reference Books | Theories of Socialization

    • C.N. Shankar Rao – Principle of sociology with an introduction to social thoughts
    • Social Change in Modern India by M N Srinivas
    • Introduction to Sociology by Anthony Giddens
    • A Dictionary of Sociology by John Scott
    • Sociological Theory by George Ritzer
    • Handbook of Indian Sociology by Veena Das

    Sources | Theories of Socialization

  • The Agents of Socialisation | Agents of Socialization pdf

    The Agents of Socialisation | Agents of Socialization pdf

    The Agents of Socialisation – Personalities is not born from the beginning. They are formed or shaped through the process of socialization. The socialization process is effective not only during childhood but throughout life. It begins at birth and continues until the individual dies. It’s a never-ending process. From a social perspective, children are evaluated more by “what they will become in the future” than by what they will become. Socialization helps children become useful members of society. It gives him social maturity. It is therefore no surprise that children’s socialization was not left to chance. Rather, it was given an institutional framework and was managed through institutional channels.

    The following are the agencies that have been established by culture which socialise the new born child.

    (i) Family and parents ( The Agents of Socialisation)

    The process of socialization begins for each of us in the family. Parents, especially mothers, have a huge influence on their children. The close relationship between mother and child has a great influence on the development of children’s abilities and skills. Parents are the first to introduce their children to their group’s culture. Children receive additional communication from older siblings, or siblings, who have undergone the same process, although there are differences based on birth order, number of siblings, and gender.

    (ii) Peers or Peers

    A “peer group” is a group consisting of a child’s contemporaries, friends at school, on the playground, on the street. He learns from these children facts and aspects of culture that they previously learned from their parents at different times. Cultural acquisition continues because peer group members have other sources of information about culture, namely colleagues from other peer groups.

    Of course, over time, peer groups outweigh parent and family groups in importance. Indeed, during a child’s adolescence, peer culture'' becomes more important and effective thanparental culture.” Peer advice, whether passed overtly or covertly, sets the standard for nearly every aspect of behavior. However, you should not think that the socialization process is complete once you become a teenager. On the other hand, this is also the time when peer pressure is at its highest.

    (iii) Teachers

    Teachers also play a role in the socialization of children when they start school. Schools are places where culture is formally transmitted and acquired, where one generation’s knowledge and learning, science and art are passed on to the next. There, not only formal knowledge about the culture is transmitted, but also most of its prerequisites: its ethical sentiments, political attitudes, customs, taboos. Children in previous schools may uncritically accept the culture expressed by their teachers. In high school, they may react with increasing skepticism. But wherever they are, whatever their age, the communication they receive from their teachers will help socialize them and eventually make them mature members of society.

    (iv) Communication literature and mass media

    There is another source of socialization, which, of course, can be found only in an educated society – literature. Our shared civilization is made up of language and literature. “Words wash over us like streams and waterfalls. They jump at our eyes like billboards, newspapers, magazines and textbooks. They attack our ears like radio and television. The medium of mass communication conveys messages to us.

    These messages contain our culture, its attitudes, and ideological assumptions in capsule form. Words are always written by someone, and people such as authors, editors, and advertisers also participate in the interaction process with teachers, classmates, and parents.

    Of course, in individual cases some of these effects are more important than others. The answer may also be different. “Some of us respect tradition, others fear the opinions of our colleagues, and some prefer to listen to the ‘thousand tongues’ of conscience.” But All three types of socialization lead to some degree of conformity, which is why all three types are like this. It contributes to the transmission of a culture by some people and the acquisition of that culture by others.

    Who socializes the child? It’s a question that can be answered in other ways. Kingsley Davis states that there are two categories of people from whom children acquire their culture’s feelings, beliefs, and knowledge. The former includes those who have authority over him. A person who has authority over a child is usually older than the child and demands obedience. they are parents. Of course, socialization must proceed from those who have more culture to those who have less, and from adults to immature people. Parents play an important role at this stage, as infants have no subordinates and are unable to interact with like-minded people.

    The second category includes people who are his equals. Children and equivalents, whether related or not, are usually the same age. Children maintain equal relationships with peers, same-sex, and like-minded people. Through peers, one learns some of the more informed aspects of culture, such as folk customs, manners, styles, nuances of meaning, fads, fads, fads, customs, secret forms of gratification, and forbidden knowledge. . Some of these are often considered socially taboo, even though they are socially necessary. For example: Knowledge about sexual relationships.

    Related Post | The Agents of Socialisation

    Reference Books | The Agents of Socialisation

    • Sociological Theory by George Ritzer
    • Handbook of Indian Sociology by Veena Das
    • Social Change in Modern India by M N Srinivas
    • C.N. Shankar Rao – Principle of sociology with an introduction to social thoughts
    • Introduction to Sociology by Anthony Giddens
    • A Dictionary of Sociology by John Scott

    Sources | The Agents of Socialisation

  • Nature of Sociology

    Nature of Sociology

    Nature of Sociology – Sociology as a field of knowledge has its own characteristics. It differs from other sciences in many ways. Analyzing their internal logical features helps us understand what kind of science we are talking about. The following are the main features of sociology outlined by Robert Bierstedt in his book Social Order. sociology is an independent science

    Sociology is now developing as an independent science. It is treated as a separate branch of science, such as philosophy, political philosophy, or history, and is not studied. As an independent science, it has its own fields of study, its own limitations, its own methods.

    In the following way we can easily understood the Nature of Sociology ;

    1. Sociology is a relatively abstract science, not a concrete science

    This does not mean that sociology is an art rather than a science. That doesn’t mean it’s unnecessarily complicated or too difficult. It simply means that sociology is not interested in the concrete manifestations of human events. It is more concerned with the shape of human events and their patterns.

    For example; rather than dealing with individual wars and revolutions, sociology deals with wars and revolutions in general as social phenomena, as a type of social conflict. Likewise, sociology is not limited to the study of particular societies or social organizations, marriages, religions, groups, etc. In this simple sense, sociology is an abstract science, not a concrete one.

    2. Sociology is a categorical discipline, not a prescriptive one.

    Sociology is “restricted to describing the status quo, rather than what should or should not be.” “as a sociology is a science, it is necessarily silent on questions of value. No value judgments are made. His approach is neither moral nor immoral, it is immoral. It is ethically neutral. We cannot decide in which direction sociology should go.

    There are no recommendations on social policy, legal or programmatic issues. But this does not mean that sociological knowledge is useless and useless. It simply means that sociology as a discipline cannot deal with questions of good and evil, right and wrong, morality and immorality.

    3. Sociology is a pure science, not an applied science

    A distinction is often made between pure and applied science. The main purpose of pure science is the acquisition of knowledge, and it does not matter whether the acquired knowledge is useful or can be used. The goal of applied science, on the other hand, is to put the acquired knowledge into practice and use it. Every pure science has its own fields of application.

    For example, physics is a pure science and engineering is its applied field. Similarly, pure sciences such as economics, political science, and history have applied fields such as economics, political science, and journalism. Sociology as a pure science has applied fields such as public administration, diplomacy, and social work. Any pure science has multiple fields of application.

    4.Sociology is a social science, not a physical science.

    Sociology belongs to the lineage of the social sciences and not to the lineage of the physical sciences. As a social science, it focuses on humans, their social behavior, social activities, and social life. As a member of the social sciences, it is closely related to other social sciences such as history, political science, economics, psychology, and anthropology. The fact that sociology deals with the social universe distinguishes it from astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology, mathematics, and other natural sciences.

    5. Sociology is a pure science.

    This is because the immediate goal of sociology is to acquire knowledge about human societies, not to use that knowledge. Sociologists never decide public policy issues, nor do they recommend to legislators which laws should be passed or repealed. However, the knowledge gained from sociologists is very useful for administrators, legislators, diplomats, teachers, foremen, supervisors, social workers, and citizens. But sociologists themselves do not apply their knowledge to life and practice within the bounds of their duties and professions.
    Five.

    6. Sociology is a general science, not a specific social science.

    Sociology is a general, non-specialized field of study. It is about human interaction and human life in general. Other social sciences such as political science, history, and economics are also concerned with human-human interactions, but not just human interactions. They focus and specialize their attention on specific aspects of human interaction and activity.

    Therefore, economics specializes in the study of economic activity, while political science specializes in the study of political activity. Of course, sociology does not study economics, religion, politics, law, morality, or any other particular phenomenon related to human life and behavior itself. Only surveys general human activity. But this does not mean that sociology is a fundamental social science, nor does it mean that sociology is a social science in general.

    7. Sociology is a generalizing science, not a specializing or personalizing science

    Sociology seeks to discover the general laws and principles of human interaction and bonding, the nature, form, content and structure of human groups and societies. We do not investigate every event that occurs in society. It is also impossible. I will try to generalize based on the study of some selected events. For example, sociologists generalize about the nature of secondary groups.

    He might conclude that secondary groups are relatively large, less stable, not necessarily local, more specific, and so on. This is done not by looking at all secondary groups, but by observing and studying some groups. Anthropology and social psychology often refer to themselves as general social sciences.

    8. After all, sociology is both a rational and an empirical science.

    There are two broad ways of approach to scientific knowledge. One, known as empiricism, is the approach that emphasizes experience and the facts that result from observation and experimentation. The other, known as rationalism, stresses reason and the theories that result from logical inference.The empiricist collects facts; the rationalist co-ordinates and arranges them. Theories and facts are required in the construction of knowledge.

    In sociological inquiry both are significant. A theory unsubstantiated by hard, solid facts is nothing more than an opinion. Facts, by themselves, in their isolated character, are meaningless and useless. As Immanuel Kant said, “theories without facts are empty and facts without theories are blind”.

    All modern sciences, therefore, avail themselves of both empirical and rational resources. Sociology is not an exception.It is clear from the above that sociology is an independent, a social, a categorical, a pure, an abstract, a generalizing, both a rational and an empirical and a general social science.

    Related Post | Nature of Sociology

    Reference Books | Nature of Sociology

    • C.N. Shankar Rao – Principle of sociology with an introduction to social thoughts
    • Introduction to Sociology by Anthony Giddens
    • A Dictionary of Sociology by John Scott
    • Sociological Theory by George Ritzer
    • Handbook of Indian Sociology by Veena Das
    • Social Change in Modern India by M N Srinivas

    Sources | Nature of Sociology